Hydraulic grade line along the route
Ground profile and the head z + p/ρg at the five transmitters (blue), against the grade Darcy-Weisbach expects from PT-0 at the inlet flow (dashed). A leak bends the grade at the leak (flatter downstream); an air pocket or a throttled valve puts a step in one reach; a drifting transmitter puts a kink at one station.
System curve: head loss vs. flow
Friction head loss over 14 km of DN 1200 (bore 1215.8 mm) from Darcy-Weisbach with Swamee-Jain at the live water temperature, for the design roughness k 0.1 mm and for aged pipe (k 1 and 3 mm). Dots: measured head loss PT-0 → PT-4 at the inlet flow (trail = last 2 h).
Transmission main
Pump station PS-15, flow meters FM-A and FM-B, chambers with PT-1 to PT-3, high point HP-1 with air valve AV-3, line valve LV-2 and reservoir R-15, with live values. Red = beyond the twin's alarm limit.
Condition sensors
Bars against the alarm limits in the twin file (red line).